The Earl Marshal first serves a probationary period of six months; after that period is over it is customary to extend the warrant for a total of two years. The Earl Marshal may not serve more than three calendar years.

The next two classes of marshals have fundamentally similar duties and prerogatives, and are listed together. The Principality Earl Marshal has all of the duties, rights, and prerogatives of a regional Deputy Earl Marshal, but may be given other duties, rights, and prerogatives as the Principality develops. In the sections below where a regional Deputy Earl Marshal is specifically named the Principality Earl Marshal must also be included.

The method of warranting a Principality Earl Marshal is defined in the laws of the Crown Principality. A Regional Deputy Earl Marshal must first serve a probationary period of six months after which the warrant may be extended for a total of two years. A second warrant may then follow the first, extending the RDEM's tenure to a maximum total of three years.

The period of time from becoming a fighter until one becomes a warranted Marshal is rarely less than one year.

Reports

Writing reports is the most tedious and boring aspect of a Marshal's work. Nevertheless, reports are necessary because they give the EM and the DEMs their chief indication of the affairs of the groups for which they are responsible. If reports are not submitted, the EM has no idea whether the marshal's job is being done properly. Non-reporting marshals will be removed promptly. Therefore, one of the first duties of a group marshal is to find out the name and address of his/her superior officers (EM, RDEM, and Baronial Marshal, if any) and when reports are due. Local marshals should keep copies of all reports submitted. Standard report forms make this procedure easy if the basic instructions are followed in filling them out.

Incipient groups must report every quarter even if there are no changes. Full status groups need only to report the changes that have occurred since their last report.

Quarterly reports are due on March 15, June 15, and September 15. Copies are to be sent to the RDEM; and, if any changes have occurred, to the Minister of the Lists.

Crown or Coronet Tournament Reports must be filed with the EM and shall include all of the required and optional reports.

Standard Report Forms for Middle Kingdom Marshals

The name and address of the Earl Marshal of the Middle Kingdom is published each month in the PALE.

The following set of forms is to be used in all cases as the "standard" reporting format. Each has its own purpose and, as a series, they are an attempt to simplify the necessary bureaucratic end of things for all of us. Take care when separating these FORMS from this Handbook because these will serve as the MASTER COPIES for your own files.

The forms in this section are:

• Group Knight's Marshal Report - Quarterly & Domesday Report
• Group Knight's Marshal Report - Fighter's Roster
• Tournament Report
• Combat Authorization Report
• Marshal's Signup Sheet
• Combat Authorization Signup Sheet
• Knight Marshal in Training Appointment Sheet

Arbitration and Grievance Procedures

Any fighter, marshal, herald, or constable has accepted by signing the Combat Waiver the Society-wide system of arbitration established by the Board for that purpose. This section defines that system for the Marshallate.

The Marshal's Courts are set up for the sole purpose making decisions about infractions of the Rules of the Lists and the Conventions of Combat (plus the rules that support them contained in the Middle Kingdom Marshal's Handbook). This includes fighter authorizations, marshal's warrants, and the ability of a herald or constable to function within the lists. In the latter case, the Courts can only bar the individual from the lists.

This effectively standardizes and formalizes the current powers of the Earl Marshal (and, by delegation, the Principality Earl Marshal, the regional Deputy Earl Marshals, the Group Knight Marshals, Marshals of the Field, and Chivalry acting as reserve Marshals of the Field) has for dealing with problems.

All decisions of the Earl Marshal would remain in force until:

1. The Earl Marshal accepts the decision of a Marshal's Court or the Quarter Court, or
2. The Earl Marshal's decision were reversed on appeal to a Court of Chivalry , the Crown, the Society Marshal, or the Board of Directors of the SCA, Inc.

Running Tournaments, Melees, and Wars (at and Event)

Although the Autocrat is the chief person responsible for an event, the Marshal-in-Charge of the event, who is usually the local Group Knight's Marshal, is still charged with seeing that all fighting and dangerous sports are done in a safe and organized manner.

The Marshal's job begins when the event planning starts. The marshal should consult with the autocrat to see that the desired activities can be done safely at the proposed site. For example, a tourney can not be held in a ten-foot-wide, windowed hallway, nor in the desert in July if no water is provided. Non-fighters sometimes do not consider these things. The marshal should consult with others as well: the chirurgeon, the list officer, the Herald in charge, and the archery marshal.

The local chirurgeon should make plans to cover any medical emergency, including having a first aid kit at the tourney, finding the nearest hospital and the fastest route to it, knowing the local emergency phone number and the location of the nearest phone (and change to use the phone!), and assuring a water supply. It is also wise to know where the nearest toilets are (not as silly as it sounds). If there is no local chirurgeon, it is the responsibility of the Group Knight's Marshal to work with the autocrat to insure that all of the preceding things have been accounted for. The Group Knight's Marshal should contact the Kingdom Chirurgeon to see if a nearby chirurgeon is available.

Discussion with the list officer and the herald in charge should be held to clarify the lines of communication, so that there is never any confusion as to who fights whom when, or what activity is scheduled to occur. Even "relaxed" events need prior planning. Archery may only take place under the guidelines established by the Archery Corps. All groups doing archery should have a copy of the "Supplement to the Archer's Handbook," available from the Archer General. The safety of the range and the procedures of the shoot are very important. Archery is one of our most dangerous activities.

If any fencing is to be done, a warranted fencing marshal must be present.

If any non-S.C.A. martial demonstrations are desired, the permission of the EM and Crown must be obtained in writing. The Marshal-in-Charge should investigate carefully to see that such demos are to be carried out only by persons competent in the activity.

NOTE: It is law in the Middle Kingdom that firearms may not be fired at any MidRealm event.

However, no one may bar an individual from the lists for medical reasons, unless the fighter cannot follow the Rules of the Lists and the Conventions for Combat.

Marshals in the Middle Kingdom should be very aware of the dangers of heat in summer fighting. Heatstroke is particularly dangerous. This is a condition where the body can not dispose of the excess heat properly and the body's temperature begins to rise catastrophically. Symptoms include dizziness, nausea, hot, dry skin, and a sensation of being on fire. If heatstroke is not treated immediately the person can die. The most qualified medical help available should be summoned immediately. The victim must be placed in shade, in a legs-up, head-down position, and cooled with wet cloths or liquids until competent medical personnel arrive.

Heat exhaustion is less dangerous but still unpleasant. It is caused by dehydration and usually comes on slowly. Symptoms include weakness and nausea. Treatment consists of getting the person out of the sun and having him/her drink water and fruit juices.

The key to a happy tournament in hot weather is a combination of taking it easy and elementary preparedness. Realize that a hot, humid day is a dangerous one; have plenty of liquids available, and watch active people closely for danger signs. Make sure people don't push themselves too far. Active people should drink plenty of NON-ALCOHOLIC liquids to prevent dehydration. Fruit juices and Gatorade (diluted to 50% strength) are very good because they replace minerals depleted by sweat, in general electrolyte replacements should be diluted. Salt tablets are unnecessary and sometimes dangerous, avoid them. Fighters should remove much of their armor when they are not fighting -- loose, light clothes allow proper cooling. Helms should be kept out of the direct sun when not being worn. Sunburn should be avoided too because it can cause dehydration. Sun hats or head veils should be worn by everyone who must stay in the sun for long periods, and everyone else should take advantage of the shade.

The dangers of summer heat are among the most serious faced by fighters, and marshals should strive to make all fighters aware of them. The Marshal-in-Charge must also take steps to assure that the marshals in the field are given liquids and rest when needed.

It should also be recognized that the cold has unique effects on armor, weapons, and fighters as well and proper precautions are wise.

These simple "Rules" overridingly serve both honor and prowess.

The marshals must be particularly careful to maintain safety when HOLDs are in effect. "Gaffing" of dead fighters is removing them from a dangerous situation under the cover of the marshal's staff or of the marshal's presence. All dead fighters need not be gaffed, but the marshals and constables should be aware of dangerous situations where it is necessary; such as when a fighter is about to be trampled or is unaware that he/she is endangered by rising. New fighters, who are usually the ones killed in the outset of the battle, should be closely watched if possible. Melees on bridges, in castle gates, including small buildings or in any restricted space where shoving becomes an important tactic, are potentially very dangerous situations. It is often difficult for fighters to distinguish the shoves from the legitimate blows. Tempers can be easily roused as well. Such melees should not be allowed to proceed without special precautions. The fight must be well marshalled by as many experienced marshals as possible. The dangers must be clearly explained to the fighters, and the combatants must be especially careful to be aware of what's happening around them. Special rules may be devised, if necessary. In this situation, or any other melee, if tempers get out of hand, the fight should be stopped until everyone cools down. Tempers are especially sensitive to situations of excessive rivalry, or high temperature and humidity. The most important single convention of melee combat is the one that states: An opponent who is not aware of one's presence is not struck. The specific practices enjoined by this rule are many and complex, and cannot be taught to new fighters too carefully. It is the Group Knight's Marshal's responsibility to have the group's trainees read the following section closely and to make sure they understand it. It is the Presiding Marshal's responsibility that fighters about to engage in melee, especially out-of-Kingdom fighters, understand the MidRealm conventions concerning proper melee behavior before the fight begins.

The MIC should also supply sufficient copies of the needed tourney reports (see page 9).

On the day of the event, the list person should arrive early to have the list table ready when inspections are slated to begin. The following should be set up on the list table:

• group waiver sheet
• tourney sign-up sheets (use notepaper)
• Marshal's Sign-up Sheet (form)
• Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet (form)
• individual waiver forms
• The Middle Kingdom Knight Marshal's Handbook
• Combat Authorization Report (form)
• Tournament Report (form)
• tourney tree, if needed

When the table is set up, have the field herald announce the list table is open. During this time fighters will come to sign-up, and authorizations will be run. Have the herald announce the closing of the list table about ten minutes before the start of the tourney.

All fighters must show the list person their blue membership card, and the current (as of this printing it's white with blue printing) authorization card. Both of these cards must be signed, and the dates checked on the membership card. Everyone entering the lists must have a current membership card.

Those individuals who are attempting a first authorization need only show their blue membership card. They will then fill out a Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet and individual waiver form. Have them print neatly, and check to be sure all information is there. The list person is responsible for transferring this information to the Combat Authorization Report (form), and making sure that all information is included. These forms are also filled out for any advanced weapon form authorizations.

The authorizing marshals and/or MIC must sign the Combat Authorization Sign- up Sheet and the Combat Authorization Report. The Pass/Fail area must also be filled in with pass or fail. Be sure that the event name and date are on both halves of the form, this is essential if the authorizee is to receive his/her authorization card. If the first-time authorizee passes, they will keep the Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet and their individual waiver. Instruct them to send half of the form, their individual waiver and a SASE (self-addressed stamped envelope) to the Minister of the Lists to receive their authorization card. Be sure to have their information written on the Combat Authorization Report. If they fail, keep the Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet. If an advanced weapon authorizee passes, they should have the authorizing marshal initial their authorization card, but should also be given their Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet. They may send half their form to the Minister of the Lists, but do not need to include a SASE as a new authorization card will not be issued.

While authorizations are being run, the list person should be preparing for the tourney. During this time, print fighter's names on index cards for the herald to use for announcing them. Randomize your fighters, and fill in the trees. Pair the index cards with the fighter's names, giving them to the herald in the following order: report to the list, arming, preparing to arm. If you aren't using a tourney tree, have your other paperwork ready.

Running a warlord tourney is one of the easiest. Randomly pair fighters by using the index cards. After the bout, staple them together with the winner on top. This is the new team for the next round. Again, after the next bout, staple teams together with the winner on top. Continue this process throughout the tourney.

The chart below can be used for round robin or pool tourneys. Every fighter is assigned a number, and a pool in the case of a pool tourney. The pairings are listed in parentheses, with the bye, if needed, as the lone number. It is not necessary to have a bye fought, since every fighter in the pool will get a bye. To run a pool tourney, determine the number to be in each pool and the number of pools. It is best not to have more than ten fighters in a pool. The winner or top two fighters from each pool, will then enter the final pool. There could then be a third pool, or a "final Crown round" for the top two fighters.

5 fighters     6 fighters     7 fighters          8 fighters
(1,2)(4,5)(3)  (1,2)(3,6)(4,5)(1,2)(4,7)(5,6)(3)  (1,2)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6)
(1,3)(2,4)(5)  (1,3)(2,4)(5,6)(1,3)(2,4)(6,7)(5)  (1,3)(2,4)(6,7)(5,8)
(1,4)(3,5)(2)  (1,4)(3,5)(2,6)(1,4)(2,6)(3,5)(7)  (1,4)(2,6)(3,5)(7,8)
(1,5)(2,3)(4)  (1,5)(2,3)(4,6)(1,5)(3,7)(4,6)(2)  (1,5)(2,8)(3,7)(4,6)
(3,4)(2,5)(1)  (1,6)(2,5)(2,4)(1,6)(2,3)(5,7)(4)  (1,6)(2,3)(4,8)(5,7)
                              (1,7)(2,5)(3,4)(6)  (1,7)(2,5)(3,4)(6,8)
                              (2,7)(3,6)(4,5)(1)


9 fighters               10 fighters
(1,2)(4,9)(5,8)(6,7)(3)  (1,2)(3,10)(4,9)(5,8)(6,7)
(1,3)(2,4)(6,9)(7,8)(5)  (1,3)(2,4)(5,10)(6,9)(7,8)
(1,4)(2,6)(3,5)(8,9)(7)  (1,4)(2,6)(3,5)(7,10)(8,9)
(1,5)(2,8)(3,7)(4,6)(9)  (1,5)(2,8)(3,7)(4,6)(9,10)
(1,6)(3,9)(4,8)(5,7)(2)  (1,6)(2,10)(3,9)(4,8)(5,7)
(1,7)(2,3)(5,9)(6,8)(4)  (1,7)(2,3)(4,10)(5,9)(6,8)
(1,8)(2,5)(3,4)(7,9)(6)  (1,8)(2,5)(3,4)(6,10)(7,9)
(1,9)(2,7)(3,6)(4,5)(8)  (1,9)(2,7)(3,6)(4,5)(8,10)
(2,9)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6)(1)  (1,10)(2,9)(3,8)(4,7)(5,6)

Below is the order to run rounds for a double-elimination tourney. This is based on a 32- or 64-man tourney tree. Byes should be used to fill in empty spots. Byes should be run during the first rounds, and if needed, during the second rounds. After that, there should be no need for byes. Have the byes be fought, and make sure someone doesn't get two byes.

• 1st Round of the Tourney
• 1st Round Winners
• 1st Round Losers
• 2nd Round Winners
• 2nd Round Losers
• 3rd Round Losers
• 3rd Round Winners
• 4th Round Losers
• 5th Round Losers
• 4th Round Winners
• 6th Round Losers
• 7th Round Losers
• 5th Round Winners
• 8th Round Losers
• 6th Round Winners (quarter finals)
• 7th Round Winners (semi finals)
• 8th Round Winners (finals)

After the tournament is over, it is the responsibility of the list person to be sure the paperwork is all filled out correctly, make sure it's signed, and give it to the MIC. The following are the forms that need to be sent:

1. Tournament Report
2. Marshal's Sign-up Sheet
3. Combat Authorization Report
4. Tourney sign-up
5. Combat Authorization Sign-up Sheet (for failed attempts)

Who sends what to wom:

Marshal-in-charge sends:

1-5 above to his/her Regional Marshal

1 & 3 above to the Minister of the Lists

Authorizing fighter sends:

5 above and

SASE (self-addressed stamped envelope) if newly authorized

to the Minister of the Lists

The final duties of running the list are to clean up the area, and turn in the reports as listed above.

Equipment Standards

The standards, regulations, and requirements defined here are in compliance with those listed in The Marshal's Handbook published by the Marshal of the Society in 1992. Some terms are defined in that manual. Any modifications to these standards will be published in the PALE and should be added to your copy of this handbook so that the most current information is always available.

While safety and authenticity are both pursued in Society fighting, it is the policy of the Marshallate that safety comes first. Wearing the equipment specified in these regulations is no guarantee against injury, but it is required as the best precautionary measure we can devise.

COMMENT: The words -- "recommend," "urge," "encourage," etc. do not mean that one may say, "it isn't REQUIRED so I don't need it." Armor wisely enough to prevent the more vulnerable parts of your body from being battered. It only takes a little effort to lessen the odds of an injury. We should all insure that MidRealm fighters arm themselves INTELLIGENTLY, not MINIMALLY.

This ends the list of the REQUIRED armor.

Weapon Construction

Combat Archery Arrows and Javelins:

See Combat Archery Section.

Middle Kingdom Authorizations

The authorization process is one of the most important safeguards in SCA fighting. Authorizations must be taken seriously. However, this does not mean that entire events must be held up by endless authorizations. Proper organization and a sense of priorities is the best way to insure that authorizations get done, without taking all the fun time.

Concentrate at the beginning of an event on authorizing new fighters, and on those from groups so distant that they have a hard time making it to events. Require authorizing fighters to be armored and ready. Have a volunteered group of ready, EXPERIENCED, fighters to use as their opponents where possible. Other authorizations can be done throughout the day during the inevitable slow periods.

No unpracticed novices should be allowed to attempt to authorize; it is dangerous and a waste of time.

A copy of the Rules of the List and the Combat Conventions of the Middle Kingdom must be available at any official event at which authorizations may be conducted. Note that this includes a group practice if an authorization is to be attempted there.

The new fighter shall have his/her arms inspected. When authorization bouts are announced go to the list officer, turn in a signed waiver if s/he has not done so already, and complete the authorization form which will list the fighter's names (both modern and SCA), and have spaces for the marshals to list the outcome of the bout. The fighter will then present him/herself armed with a single-handed weapon and shield to the presiding marshal when called. The marshal will ask the fighter if s/he has read and understood the Rules of the List and the MidRealm Fighting Conventions. If the fighter has not read them (which should not happen) s/he will be given a copy to read, and told to return when s/he has done so.

A marshal cannot authorize someone in a weapons style that they are not authorized in.

Anyone who has not participated in SCA combat for a year or more must reauthorize. Normally a successful authorization bout for sword and shield will reactivate all the previous authorizations held, but the person may attempt to reauthorize in another weapons style instead of single-handed weapon and shield if s/he prefers.

All fighters, unless excused by the Earl Marshal in writing for good and sufficient reason, must authorize first in single-handed and shield. Authorization is by the use of the weapon or technique; for example, a fighter authorized in polearm may not use it to thrust unless s/he is authorized in spear (though these two authorizations may be done at the same time). Whatever the fighter is authorized in, the fighter is responsible to be competent with the weapon actually used. All chivalry are assumed to be responsible enough to use only weapons they are competent in, and so are authorized in all forms.

All out-of-kingdom authorizations are considered valid while visiting the Middle Kingdom. Transfers of residence must reauthorize for paperwork reasons. This applies to Midrealm fighters as well. Any member of the chivalry transferring residence does not need to reauthorize, and will receive authorization in all weapon forms. They need to send a copy of their out-of-kingdom authorization card to the Minister of the Lists for a Middle Kingdom authorization card.

TWO (2) warranted marshals are required to authorize a fighter, a third is preferable, and, in any case, at least one should be unfamiliar with the fighter authorizing.

If there is only one full marshal at an event, s/he may NOT authorize new fighters. The fighter is required to go through a full authorization at another time in the presence of the required number of marshals.

Authorizations at practices are allowed with following restrictions: You must have the permission of the EM or DEM first and there MUST be TWO full marshals from outside the group that holds the authorizations. Acceptions to this may be granted by the EM or DEM.

The opponent of the authorizing fighter needs to be experienced and know to the marshals. (This is so the warranting marshals have a standard reference by which to judge the authorizing fighter.)

The second is as if for the Crown of the Middle Kingdom. All blows are acted out. Victory in the bout is not a consideration for authorization; this bout is held to demonstrate the candidate's ability to properly and safely act out the effects of the blows received and given in a manner befitting combat in the lists.

After the second bout, the marshals meet to decide if the fighter meets the minimum criteria for authorization. If the fighter passes, they are informed. If the fighter does not pass they should be advised of their deficiencies and how to correct them. Marshals are expected to deliver this advice in a helpful and instructive manner which will foster the growth of the individual candidate, whose emotional involvement at this stage of the authorization process is likely to be intense.

Please Remember:
Authorization is a public statement that the fighter knows the rudiments of combat and that they do not habitually do anything that constitutes a hazard to themselves or others. Fighters need not be skilled enough to win fights, only enough to compete safely.

Society Rules of the List and Conventions of Combat

This section contains the Society Rules of the List/Conventions of Combat published in the 1989 revision of The Marshal's Handbook. The Middle Kingdom has the right to make more stringent rules if it so desires.

Marshals should be very clear that the Rules of the List and Conventions of Combat of the S.C.A., Inc., are binding on all persons who wish to participate in combat-related activities in the Middle Kingdom.

Additional Rules of the List for the Middle Kingdom

The following additional Rules of the List constitute those rules and portions of rules which have been traditionally followed in the Middle Kingdom that are extensions of the Rules of the List of the S.C.A., Inc. These rules have the same force within the Middle Kingdom as the Society Rules of the List, but they may not be adhered to in other kingdoms. In some cases the Middle Kingdom rules cover material that is covered in the Society Conventions of Combat, but those have been retained here.

1. No combatant may be less than 18 (eighteen) years old.

2. Fighters are expected to behave as though the weapons used in combat are real, and "injuries" sustained will be judged accordingly. In judging "injuries" all fighters are presumed to be fully armored unless otherwise stated.

   This is the basic rule of realism. "Fully armored" is interpreted to mean light riveted mail over a gambeson and a closed IRON helm (some other kingdoms specify open-faced to justify certain techniques not used in the MidRealm) regardless of the ACTUAL armor worn by the fighter. Illustrations from the period when this was the actual type of armor used indicate that it could be penetrated by a solid, unimpeded, one-handed blow with the broadsword. "Behaving as if the weapons were real" means that a blow, to be counted, must be forceful and unimpeded in order to have penetrated the armor being worn. This also means that the nature of the weapon used must be taken into consideration; for example, blows with the very tip or flat of the sword are ignored; only blows with the cutting edge of an axe count, etc.

   "Fully armored unless otherwise stated" allows for demonstration fights using specific weapon and armor combinations. "Injuries sustained" is the reason for fighting on one's knees, or on one leg, if struck on the leg, etc. The marshal observing a fight should insure that this is being followed accurately: that the leg with the knee on the ground is the one that was struck, that the "missing" arm is not used intentionally to block a blow, etc.; and s/he will make reminders, if necessary, of the injury that the fighter has sustained.

   If a blow is blocked, (as happens reflexively sometimes), by a "missing" arm, the blow may be counted as unimpeded; especially if the fighter has been previously warned about such action. If a blow lands on the hip or buttock, the fighter must sit rather than kneel. Marshals should also take into account the type of weapon here: Blows to the hip struck with two-handed weapons being wielded two-handed are deemed killing blows. This includes Bastard and Greatsword, axe, mace, and all Polearms, (except spears), in two-handed use. Also, blows to the hip struck with mass weapons, (either one-handed OR two-handed), are deemed killing blows. These include axe, mace, and war-hammer.

3. Each contestant fighting in the lists for the Crown shall have a prospective consort to receive the Consort's Crown should s/he be successful in combat, though the name need not be revealed (except to the Crown and the Kingdom Seneschal for membership verification) until the crown is secure.

   "Fighters for the Crown must have a Lord or Lady". Marshals are not responsible for enforcing this rule, except for observing it themselves.

4. The head, face, and neck shall be protected from injury. See "Equipment Standards" in the section on equipment inspection.

5. Any combatant may, without dishonor or penalty, reject the use of a particular weapon by his opponent, should s/he deem the weapon unusually dangerous.

6. Any weapons mutually acceptable to the combatants in a fight may be used on the field of battle subject to the approval of the Sovereign or his/her representative; when the combatants mutually desire to use any weapon previously barred by the Sovereign or his representative, they may present their cause to the Sovereign. The Sovereign shall, after receiving the advice of his representative, pass judgement upon the use of the barred weapon for a particular fight.

   "Weapons mutually acceptable to the combatants". This is the rule that allows for demonstration fights with new types and designs of weapons. It allows weapons of non-standard types, of unusual behavior, or which give an advantage to the user, to be used under strictures. The consent of the combatants can be obtained by asking each time the weapon is to be used, or by demonstrating it to all fighters present at an event and getting their collective consent at the beginning of the event; this rule also allows the Earl Marshal to modify the interpretation of other rules for specific fights or events. This is the appeals procedure for weapons rejected by the marshallate. The King has the final decision with the advice of the Earl Marshal.

7. No tournament weapons shall be made of metal and no metal shall be drawn in an offensive manner on the field at any Society event.

   "No metal weapons." This does not prohibit hand guards or pommel weights on tourney weapons. Guards and pommels, however, shall have no protruding points or sharp edges which could cause injury, and no metal may be included on the striking surface. No combatant shall wear any real weapon into combat, and marshals are advised to leave swords and other major weapons off the field when on duty. This Rule prohibits fighting with real weapons, whether fast or slow, demonstration or real, at any SCA event.

8. A shield may not be used as a weapon, unless approved by the Sovereign or by the Sovereign's representative.

   This does not prohibit the use of the shield to displace, immobilize, or deflect the opponent's shield or weapon, nor to oppose or deflect the opponent's motion, so long as the shield does not strike the opponent's body or limbs. However, control over shield technique is the responsibility of the user, and any combatant who consistently strikes the opponent's body or limbs, intentionally or not, may be banned from further use of offensive shield technique until such time as s/he can demonstrate proficiency at the technique. Shields intended to be used as weapons must be approved either by the King or the EM. See the sections on Marshalling fights and on Enforcing the Rules of the List.

9. There shall be no thrusting, except with weapons specifically designed for thrusting, subject to the provisions of Middle Kingdom Rule #5. Thrusts to the face with any weapon are prohibited.

   This rule means that ALL thrusting weapons must be approved by a marshal. This rule also prohibits thrusting with weapons that have not been designed and approved for that use. This rule does not prohibit a hit to the face by a projectile weapon such as an arrow or javelin.

10. A bladed weapon may not be grasped as a means of stopping a blow.

    "Bladed weapons cannot be grasped to stop a blow." This refers not only to grasping or blocking with the hand, but also to trapping the blade in contact with any part of the body -- for example, between the arm and side. However, catching a blade between one's shield and the ground or some other inanimate object is not prohibited; nor is a blade considered grasped if it becomes entangled behind one's shield, provided that no effort is made to keep it there, such as clamping the elbow against the side to hold the weapon. On the other hand, it is legal to grasp the shafts of maces, spears, and pole arms.

11. If a weapon is broken or dropped on the field, the combat shall stop while the fighter is rearmed. If a fighter slips, the combat shall stop until he is recovered. This rule applies only to tournaments. In melees with more than 10 persons per side a dropped or broken weapon does not stop combat; the person who has dropped or broken a weapon may continue to participate only if the loss of the weapon does not cause that person's armor to violate armor standards (such as lack of hand protection).

    When a combatant drops or breaks a weapon, the combat stops, and the blow which involved the dropping or breaking is not counted. However, a weapon clearly broken on the opponent in a well-delivered blow is counted good. Blows started by a fighter before his opponent drops or breaks a weapon or shouts HOLD are counted as good. The same principle is applied when a combatant slips or stumbles.

    The Sovereign or his/her representative may impose the tournament standard on melees with fewer than 10 persons per side.

12. No projectile weapons shall be allowed, and no weapons shall be thrown, within the lists of a tourney. All other uses of such weapons are subject to the provisions of Rule #9.

    This rule bans projectile weapons (sling-stones, arrows, etc.), throwable weapons (javelins, axes), and the intentional throwing of weapons of any nature from a tourney list. This rule does not prohibet use of such weapons in a melee.

Middle Kingdom Combat Conventions

THE USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE IS PROHIBITED

No fighter may deliberately strike at or below the knee or wrist (these joints being defined as starting one inch above the bend.) Any blows to those areas are not to be counted. No fighter may deliberately cause an opponent to strike these areas in order to avoid loss of a limb. Any fighter who does so (for example, lifting a leg) may lose the limb in question.

Fighters may not grapple with their opponents, nor may they kick or grasp an opponent or their opponent's shield. "Grasp" is defined as held securely with a closed hand for any length of time.

Blows which are solidly blocked by the shield or blocking weapon before, or simultaneous with, striking the opponent need not be counted.

No thrusts or thrusting feints to the face or throat with any weapon will be allowed.

Fighters must acknowledge blows according to the standards of the Middle Kingdom despite the actual armor worn. This includes armor that is ill-fitting or tabards and auxiliary weapons that may entangle legitimate blows. Marshals may require fighters to remove the offending weapons or clothes and/ or accept the marshal's decision of the effect of blows delivered to it.

A blow which includes the releasing or breaking of a weapon is not to be counted unless, in the opinion of the marshal, a properly constructed and maintained weapon was clearly broken on the body of the fighter being hit, without any other contact.

A blow begun BEFORE the occurrence of an event that would stop the fight (such as a hold or a fighter dropping their weapon) will be counted if it lands on the opponent. If the blow is begun after such an event, it will not be counted.

A helpless opponent is not struck. Examples of a helpless opponent may include: someone who has lost their balance, someone who is lying on the ground, someone in the process of getting off the ground. An opponent who is empty-handed (unarmed) is not necessarily helpless. A fighter in the act of acknowledging the effects of an earlier blow is not considered helpless, (i.e. a fighter dropping to his knee after receiving a leg shot is not immune from being struck in the head as he is dropping).

A fighter who makes himself "helpless" by repeatedly overrunning the borders of the list or falling over while on their knees may, at the discretion of the marshals and the opponent, be deemed to have been defeated.

A blow to a limb does not stop the progress of combat and may be followed instantly by any legal blow.

When a fighter is struck by a killing blow but has already begun a blow that is killing to their opponent, both are considered good. This results in a "Double-Kill" in which both fighters are defeated. In tourney combat, double-kills are generally refought. In wars and melees, both are defeated.

Any mass or two-handed weapon that strikes the hip is scored as a kill. A two-handed THRUST (i.e. a spear) to the hip is NOT scored as a kill.

If a weapon is broken on the field, it may only be replaced with a weapon of the same type, or by a worn auxiliary weapon. An auxiliary weapon that interferes with a fighter's ability to feel blows must be removed and given into the keeping of the marshal until it is needed. If a weapon is deliberately discarded in favor of an auxiliary weapon during a fight, the fighter is allowed to resume the use of the discarded weapon if they can retrieve it during the course of the fight. A fighter attempting to retrieve such a discarded weapon during combat, while still armed, is considered "engaged". Likewise, a fighter using two weapons who drops or discards one is still engaged. A hold is ONLY called if there is a clear danger caused by the dropped weapon.

A sufficiently hard blow struck with the end (tip) of the sword should be acknowledged as effective unless the blow could not have penetrated the body deeply enough (at least one inch) to disable or kill.

A weapon may not be braced against a helm or shield to block blows.

No one may deliberately strike a person with the ineffective part of any weapon.

A blow which is intentionally blocked with a wounded limb is scored as if the limb were not there.

A fighter who is attempting to keep a wounded limb out of the line of combat and has that limb struck, suffers no additional penalty.

No mention of religion, magic, superstition, or of supernatural powers in connection with combat is permitted. This does not prevent a proper respect for love, respect, or the loyalty of a fighter for a lord or lady, nor any battle cry of the period before 1600.

A call of "HOLD!" stops all fighting until the marshal commands combat to continue.

No kendo, karate, or other martial art shall be allowed in the lists or anywhere in the Kingdom or wherever the SCA may be held responsible for their supervision, without special permission from the Earl Marshal in writing. Boffing and other such sports must also be properly supervised and require waivers if these sports are a planned part of an official event.

The interpretations of the Rules of the List and Conventions of Combat may be modified for special events by obtaining advance written consent from the EM. At ordinary tourneys, the Marshal-in-Charge may with the knowledge and consent of the other fighters, enact such sanctioned modifications as are desired.

Melee Conventions

THE USE OF EXCESSIVE FORCE IS PROHIBITED

Participants in a melee situation must recognize the possibility of being attacked by any number of opponents and any combination of weapons and recognize as well the dangers of their own weapons and restrain themselves accordingly in the interests of Chivalry and safety.

There may be no more than 4 attackers on 1 fighter.

An opponent in a melee who is unaware of one's presence is not struck. However, it is the responsibility of the fighter under attack to prevent the fighters legitimately engaged with him from gaining an advantage in position. When attacking an already engaged opponent, a fighter should take specific action to notify him of his presence (e.g a light tap on the shield) and receive acknowledgement before making a serious attack. Fighters may foul the weapons of opponents they may not strike; in doing so they should show restraint in the interests of safety. Fouling does not include grappling, (as defined earlier), or reaching around an opponent.

When two opposing lines engage face to face, all fighters in each line are considered engaged with those in the other until the situation changes significantly enough to mix the lines. (e.g. after a charge or sweep).

A fighter or group of fighters who deliberately charge into a group of opponents may be struck from any angle by those opponents during a charge. Care should be exercised by both sides to acknowledge blows and avoid unfair blows.

Fighters in melee killed or wounded by their teammates must acknowledge these blows in the normal manner.

Dead fighters should die defensively by hiding under their shields or weapons and then leave the field as soon and as safely as possible at the marshal's direction. Dead fighters may neither hand weapons or shout advice to the living.

Marshals and fighters alike should be aware of the dangers of melees in crowded situations where a great deal of pushing is likely, because proper acknowledgement of blows becomes difficult. Such situations should be avoided unless they can be very carefully marshalled.

When "HOLD!" is called in melee, all fighters should drop to their knees and ground all great weapons until the marshals call "en garde". Holds in melees are not to be used to regroup or make plans. If a melee must be moved to the center of the field, the same relative positions must be maintained to preserve the tactical situation.

When a fighter loses any required piece of armor in a melee, that fighter is considered dead and must leave the field. They may not take part in further combat until the situation that caused the armor to fail is remedied.

How a Fighter Shall Be Trained

A Commentary by Duke Syr Laurelen Darksbane

If there is any one thing that can be said of fighting it is that training is never completed. As long as an individual participates as a fighter, he/she is in training. This is true for all of us, from the newest novice to the battle-hardened Knights. We all continue training, honing skills, learning, throughout our lifetimes as fighters.

There are two reasons that the preceding statement is true. The first is, of course, that training increases our skill and prowess. The second is more important. It is that, as we learn, we pass on the knowledge and skill. We teach each other.

The face of SCA combat, the techniques and the technology, are continually changing. It is an endeavor characterized by the contributions of its participants. This applies to pure fighting skill, to armor (which is a far cry from the Freon cans and fencing gear of A.S. II), and to the type of training one must receive when one begins to fight (as well as the continued training so necessary to keep skills sharp).

There are many schools of thought concerning training for SCA combat. I offer the following as a view of my personal beliefs. It is therefore not so much a guideline as it is a description of one "school." It is offered with the hope that the written word can describe a framework upon which others might build to help fighters through the years.

The first thing the new novice WANTS to do is pick up a sword and FIGHT. The first thing the new novice SHOULD do is pick up the Rules of the List and the MidRealm Fighting Conventions and READ. The Middle Kingdom Knight Marshal's Handbook is the perfect device for communicating standard information on rules, regulations, and conventions. New fighters should be given the opportunity to read it, and the local marshallate should be prepared to explain just what it is that we're doing out there.

The novice must be given a thorough grounding in the ideals which lie at the root of SCA combat and, actually, at the very core of the Society's existence. We seek to foster skill as an extension of courtesy, honor, and chivalry. Fighting prowess develops an individual physically, but it should, above all, be based on the ideals which founded the SCA. This is the first and most important lesson to be taught to a novice fighter.

Once these amenities are taken care of, the novice must attend to the details. This means thinking about acquiring his/her own set of armor. It is true that most novices begin their training in borrowed gear. There is nothing wrong with this, as long as it fits and as long as the novice has taken steps towards assembling his/her own. The trainers should do all they can to insure that the novice is safe in borrowed gear as well as in his/her own new equipment. Help from experienced fighters and armorers is the most important thing at this stage.

Armor protects us. The new novice should be taught elementary lessons in arms and armor, what the pieces are called and where they're worn, and why. This should occur while they are in training. The novice must have explanations of the target areas, blow discrimination, and fighting etiquette we adhere to. The new fighter should be taught that no one should ever go into combat without some sort of warm-up, stretching-out, etc. Pulled and torn muscles are not fun. Experienced fighters should be reminded of this as well.

The training program follows a simple series of steps; Explanation, Shield work, Sword and Shield work, Sparring, Full Fighting, Authorization. The sequence begins with the introductory explanations previously outlined and continues into the phases where the armored novice faces his/her trainer. This where the novice is first "hit" and should come to realize that, as long as he/she is armored correctly and keeps his/her wits, getting hurt is unlikely.

SHIELD WORK: has to be the first and most important phase since an instinctive defense will later serve a fighter very well in combat. It generally follows this sort of scenario: The armored novice squares off with shield but without a weapon against the trainer. The trainer will deliver blows (the basics, at first, of course) to the novice. The trainer will adjust the stance, motion, and reactions of the novice. The trainer starts at slower speeds so the novice can see and understand what's happening around his/her body. The novice will learn to move the shield (whatever type it is:round,targe, heater, etc.) to block the blows and, as the novice builds strength and speed, so too should the trainer.

Trainers should NEVER think of the novice as a "pell" or as someone against whom to "try new tricks." This is embarrassing and discouraging. The novice must have confidence built by the trainer. Good trainers don't boost their own egos at the expense of novices.

The Shield work continues to the point where the novice can handle most of what he/she encounters. For some this only takes a few weeks, for others, several months. Everyone is different. The novice must learn to let the shield do the work (which only happens, by the way, with correctly built and maintained equipment). The fighter should block and keep protected, ideally, without having to think about it. Once the novice is reasonably proficient at this and feels that he/she can certainly defend against any half dozen Chivalry, then he/she should begin the next step in training.

SWORD AND SHIELD WORK: incorporates a new "thing" (the sword) into the physical construction of a new novice fighter. This will be confusing at first. It might make the novice feel, and behave, as if he/she were starting over again. This is, of course, very close to the truth. The novice's lament is that now he/she has to defend and MOVE at the same time. The task is to build the necessary coordination.

The novice is taught the basic blows. This is where the trainer gets to be a convenient "pell." The novice repeats blows, first slowly so as to learn the motions involved, then more quickly to develop accuracy, and finally at full speed to develop agility. The trainer should watch the novice's body closely. The shield shouldn't drop when a blow is thrown, and the blows should be accurate and of sufficient force.

The trainer must, at this point, be fully armed and armored. The trainer will not yet return blows to the novice but will block once the novice starts to attack correctly. Though the trainer must allow the novice to hit him during the course of training, no one wants to (or should) take continual pounding. The novice must learn what a blocked blow feels like, as well as what a good blow feels like when it lands.

The novice must be taught the necessity of multiple blow attacks. Simple combinations of motion build into a controlled offense that is very effective. When the trainer has satisfied himself that the novice can move a sword without dropping the shield, falling out of a good stance, or losing control of the weapon, it is time to try the next step in training.

It must be stressed here that once a novice holds a weapon he/she should be fully armored (with shield) and so should the trainer. There are certain instances of explanation of stance and position where a novice and trainer must be able to see clearly to understand and so must be, for the moment, helmless.These are rare instances, and care should be taken whenever either fighter is not fully armored. Nobody can predict all motions that might occur in training, so once the novice has a weapon, both he/she and the trainer are expected to behave as if on the field.

Once the trainer decides that SPARRING is in order, yet another new dimension is added to the novice's experience. He/she now has to contend not only with his own motion but with that of the trainer as well. The trainer takes on a new identity at this stage, for it is the first COMBAT the novice experiences. The trainer, or a fighter the trainer uses to face the novice, becomes an opponent.

SPARRING: is continual fighting which is conducted slowly at first, gradually building to full speed later. The novice and the trainer will attack and defend and tell each other the results while fighting. They will call out the good blows, glances, light, etc. The novice at this stage begins to develop a sense of perception which will keep him/her safe and will enable quick response to the actions on the field, whether that response is "death" or watching the opponent fall.

Light Sparring is conducted at less than full speed and is relaxed and instructive. It is an excellent warm-up, even for experienced fighters. Full Speed Sparring is "real fighting" except that no one falls. It is characterized by continual conversation between the fighters. When explanations are required, HOLD must be called. Novices should be taught to remain defensive until it is obvious that the opponent has ceased fighting. More importantly, the novice should, long ago, have learned that the HOLD stops the action dead.

The novice has now developed into a fighter. It has likely been some months since the novice began training. New confidence has been built and the novice now looks toward "authorization." The Sparring phase of training really blends into the Full Fighting stage since Sparring really IS just a modified and more controlled type of Full Fighting.

FULL FIGHTING: is the stage where the novice faces experienced fighters and perhaps other equally advanced novices in open single combat. This stage requires the full attention of the trainer whether he is the novice's opponent or not, so that any problems can be corrected and the novice can continue developing skill. The trainer should pay particular attention to the novice's posture and demeanor on the field. Winning fights isn't as important as staying alert and defensive without panic. The trainer must insure that the novice is able to withstand the pressure of combat. Control of the weapon and shield must be maintained, attacks must be positive and accurate (on target areas), even if blocked. Defensive moves must be made, even if they aren't fast enough to stop the blow. Speed and agility come with time and experience, but the attempts must be made without hesitation.

When the trainer is satisfied that the novice is safe and competent to enter combat, it is time for the novice to go to an official SCA tourney and attempt to authorize. With a little care and concern on the trainer's part, and a little attention on the novice's part the MidRealm should gain a new fighter who has passed through the final phase into AUTHORIZATION.

This overview of one training method as an ordered sequence is very general at best. There are many things that might be added in certain stages. The incorporation of sword-blocking techniques, opposite-handed opponents, and exposure to several shield styles, are examples of variations that may be introduced at any time. There are several additional "styles," however, in which the novice should be given training before ever attempting to authorize. Single-sword, one-handed, is the first. This must be used if the fighter "loses" either arm in combat. The ability to use the sword alone in a safe manner is very important. The ability to win a fight when so disadvantaged will come with experience, but the ability to be safe must be instilled from the start.

Fighting from the knees and fighting against a similarly "wounded" (down) opponent are equally important. New fighters should be taught not to grapple with their opponents and the courtesy of not continually circling a "down" opponent.

Finally, a new fighter should be exposed to fighting against non-Sword and Shield opponents. This is for familiarity and safety. The new fighter should learn how to behave against Thrusting Weapons, Two-Weapon styles, as well as the other weapons styles used in the Middle Kingdom.

These stages of training as a sequence apply also to the advanced weapons styles. The object is always the same: to develop prowess by learning to defend oneself in order that a successful offense may be employed. The responsibility is again with the trainer to insure safety as well as prowess in the advanced forms.

New fighters should have the opportunity to train in melees while gaining experience in single combat.Melees are fun, but the environment is vastly different from single combat. New fighters should be exposed to melee in order to enhance the development of that sense of perception mentioned earlier in this essay. In melee, like single combat, there is nothing more important than being aware of what's happening around one's self. This lesson will allow the fighters to stay safe by being taught to pay attention and to be careful for themselves and for the others all around. New fighters should be discouraged from trying to authorize at the "deadline" to fight at the Pennsic War without getting melee experience prior to the War. It could be a harrowing, if not dangerous, experience, which no marshal should allow. All the things that go into making a fighter can not be covered in a short article. The basic tenets are very simple, however. If the individual desires the discipline of a martial art, the exhilaration of competition, or sheer fun, SCA combat holds all these things. Its basis is safety and its object is enjoyment. These are easily accomplished with the continual training which occurs throughout the active fighter's life.

In this way we assure that we may always learn from each other peacefully.

The Last Word - One Fighter's Philosophy

It was previously stated that SCA combat has many aspects. It is practiced as a martial art, a sport, a good time, and even as "occasional exercise." That it holds many things for many people is borne out by the very diversity of the individuals who take up the sword. Men and women of all physical description and demeanor participate as authorized fighters. This one endeavor in the SCA provides an activity for these people to practice together and a common interest for folk who might never otherwise have come to know each other, even within the SCA. It offers, at the least, like the SCA itself, a place for people to meet and an opportunity for folk to come to see a little of each other's true identity. It is single combat that forces individuals, for a short time, to lay aside titles, external influences, and pretense in order that their physical skill and the depth of their conscience may be displayed.

The intimacy between fighters, the camaraderie and friendships that grow between people who show their mettle as honorable and courteous, as gentle and noble souls, is both satisfying and somewhat mysterious. No other endeavor is at once so exclusively competitive and so inclusively familial as SCA combat. It is the basis for the Feudal framework of the Society, and it is the forum through which many of us open ourselves for judgement. Not judgments of fighting skill, but rather to the judgments of our character made by observers and opponents alike. When we fight we open ourselves to intimate inspection. Opinions of the contents of our hearts are based on our own instinctive reflexes on the field. We can't fake our demeanor if we don't accept the blow we should. It's plain to see, and so fighting in itself becomes a test of an individual in his or her OWN eyes. He or she must be equal to the task of saying, "Here is my physical skill; here is how I use it; here is how I behave; here is who I am." Most fighters don't necessarily think of combat in terms of these vague philosophical ideals, and that's really quite all right. However, everyone who fights and who watches fighting should think for a moment how very much an individual tells about himself in the way he or she accepts defeat OR victory. We become comrades in arms, certainly, as MidRealm fighters, but we also become friends and brothers and sisters, for we strive against each other and ourselves for joy and exhilaration; for mutual skill; to share something unique. Perhaps it's not so odd, after all, that a field of mortal combat is a place where deep and lasting friendships can be born. This is the lifeblood of our Society. We should all do our best to insure that the field of combat never, under any circumstances, sees the shedding of any blood, either our own or the Society's. I urge you to carry on with courtesy and honor and have a wonderful time, for the SCA is magic and, above all, fun.

Duke Syr Laurelen Darksbane
Baron Cleftlands
Earl Marshal of the Middle Kingdom

Marshal Training

To become a fully warranted marshal, a fighter must go through a period of training as an MIT. Becoming an MIT first requires the fighter to contact his RDEM. The following is a list of requirements for an MIT to become fully warranted:

1. Fighter must be authorized in three (3) weapon styles, (this includes S/SH), before becoming an MIT. Exceptions will be made on a case by case basis by the Earl Marshal.
2. An MIT must work four (4) events, including inspections, authorizations and the tourney. Although the MIT may participate in the fighting if melees are held later. It is advised that one of these events be a training session with their RDEM.
3. The MIT must complete a test administered by the RDEM after the above requirements are met. A certain score must be attained before the RDEM will recommend to the EM that the MIT be warranted.
4. The RDEM will send the completed form, test, and recommendation to the EM; who will send the MIT his/her warrant.

When training an MIT the warranted marshals should:

1. Demonstrate an inspection, and then watch while the MIT performs one.
2. Stand near the MIT during an authorization, ask them to give comments while the fighting is going on. Ask them what they are looking for, give hints on what the authorizee is doing correctly/incorrectly. Explain what marshals look for in an authorization, (i.e. some competence, how safe the fighter is, etc.).
3. Teach basic skills of marshalling tourneys and melees.

Combat Archery - Introduction

Combat archery has been in use in this kingdom for several years. In this time we have tried several different conventions under various fighting scenarios. We have learned what we like about combat archery and which aspects we would like to see changed or discontinued. The purpose of this handbook on combat archery is to pull together all the rules, conventions and good ideas that have been established so far. The rules and conventions expressed in this handbook are in force at this time and will be the standards by which all of us in the kingdom agree to abide. Like any fighting rule or convention that is already on the books, the rules of this handbook are also subject to interpretation and clarification. The final decision to any disagreement or confusion that arises from these rules on combat archery will rest with the Earl Marshal and ultimately the Crown.

Often times we find ourselves following or enforcing rules from the Marshal's office that, although we understand what the rule is and how to abide by it, we do not know why the rule is there in the first place. I will attempt to explain the reasoning behind some of the combat archery rules and conventions.

The most popular concerns are why archers cannot throw javelins or hold rattan weapons while holding their bows, and why javelin throwers must have full gauntlets on their throwing hand. The reasoning behind these decisions lies with the basic concept that there are two discernable types of individuals on the field at one time; fighters and archers. Fighters are fully armored and assumed lethal to any foe who comes near. Archers are semi-armored and assumed lethal only when their bows have arrows in them.

Because archers are in possession of a bow and an unarmored shooting hand, we encourage fighters that attack archers to be more safety conscious than when they attack other fighters. When a fighter charges an archer and the arrow has been fired and misses, the fighter knows that he is in no danger of being struck until the archer draws a weapon. The fighter has a responsibility not to strike the bow or unarmored hand of the archer. Archers, on the other hand, have the responsibility to keep the bow and hand out of harm's way until they are dead, captured, escape, or draw a rattan weapon and discard the bow safely. We do not allow Archers to hold rattan weapons and bow at the same time. The fighter must concentrate on not hitting the bow. It would be unfair as well as unsafe to allow an archer to attack a fighter with a rattan weapon while still holding a bow. This rule allows a greater margin of safety for archers and bows while they are being attacked by fighters, and at the same time eliminates the need for concern by fighters of being attacked by archers that are holding bows in their hand.

As to why javelin throwers must have full gauntlets on their throwing hand, it is because javelins are reserved for use by fighters, and fighters are, by definition, fully armored combatants.

An archer that drops their bow and picks up a weapon automatically becomes a fighter and is subject to full armor requirements. From the perspective of the fighter, any opponent that is not holding a bow in their hand can be safely assumed to be fully armored and can be attacked without needing to watch out for fragile bows or unarmored hands. For much this same reason, fighters may not swing rattan weapons while holding a javelin in their other hand. Since they would be swinging at their opponent, while their opponent would have to contend with avoiding hitting the plastic javelin, fighters must drop the javelin before engaging in hand to hand combat with an opponent.

Another concern is why bows are not considered broken and removed from the battle if they are hit by arrows or javelins. The reason is much the same as allowing small bucklers or swords that are hit by greatswords or polearms to continue to be used undamaged and whole, blow after blow: we selectively recreate. One could assume that there is an unlimited supply of bows at a war, which in some wars there were wagon loads of arrows and bows brought with the army, and if yours was broken you simply went and picked up another. It is probably simpler to reason that we allow combatants to use their favorite weapon blow after blow, battle after battle, until they literally fall apart. It is more fun that way.

Some have asked why, if javelins must hit with the force of a one-handed thrust, do we not require arrows to hit with the same minimum force? Although the force of an arrow from a 50 lb. hunting bow at close range hits like a rattan weapon, keep in mind that not all, nor many for that matter, archers use a heavy bow. Most use a 35 lb. bow, and although they hit smartly at close range, do not deliver a minimum one-handed thrust. If the distance is increased to anything resembling archery range, the force drops off to the point that a killing thrust would be impossible to deliver with any weight bow. To require killing thrust with arrows would mean that all archers would need to use 50 lb. bows and shoot targets at very close range. This would mean uncontested fire into the fighters on bridges, because the other archers were too far away to deliver a killing thrust to each other. While in the open field there would be few if any archers participating due to the ridiculously close range that the archers would have to allow the fighters to get, in order to hit them with sufficient force. And at this range, the archers would be trampled by the other 25 fighters that they did not kill. Both of these situations would soon be unacceptable and we would probably see the end of combat archery.

If anyone has any new conventions, new combat archery weapons, or suggestions for rule changes, please feel free to send them to the Earl Marshal, his Deputy for Combat Archery, or discuss them at events. All combat missile weapons that fall outside the scope of this handbook must be cleared through the Earl Marshal's office before they will be allowed on the field. In time, a new or revised set of criteria for combat archery will be published that will reflect the changes in rules and conventions that will inevitably occur.

Combat Archery - Rules and Regulations

Arrows:

1. Combat arrows shall be constructed by using one plastic golf tube and attaching a tennis ball to the reinforcing-ring end, or other secure means.
2. The tennis ball must be securely attached by a strong cord of 1/8 inch or less diameter, tape alone is not sufficient.
3. Knots or other large masses of cord are not permitted on the tip of the arrow.
4. The cord must be securely attached to the tennis ball, such as with tape, so the tennis ball will not slip out from under the cord.
5. The tennis ball must be covered with red tape or cloth. The entire surface area of the tennis ball need not be covered as long as there is sufficient red showing from all angles that the arrow may be held in. An `X' of red at the tip is not sufficient.
6. Fletches must be of a soft, flexible material, such as foam or duct tape, and rounded so as to not have sharp corners.
7. Fletches are not required to be placed on combat arrows.
8. Size and number of fletches on each arrow is left to the discretion of the archer.
9. The maximum length of each arrow shaft is 28 inches. The minimum length of each crossbow bolt is 14 inches.
10. Additional weight, beyond the materials needed to construct the arrow, is not allowed.
11. Arrow shafts need not be covered with tape. They may, however, be taped if so desired.
12. No part of any arrow may be colored red except for the tennis ball.
13. A notch may be placed at the end of the arrow if desired. Size and depth are left to the discretion of the archer.
14. Notches may be reinforced to help keep the shape of the notch.
15. Holding tabs may be placed at the end of arrows so they may be held by archers wearing gauntlets. Holding tabs must be securely attached and constructed of a non-rigid material such as cloth or light leather.
16. An identifiable `makers mark' must be visible on each arrow or crossbow bolt.

Javelins:

1. Javelins must be constructed of schedule-40 PVC plastic pipe, with a minimum outside diameter of 1-1/8 inches.
2. The shaft must be between four and five feet in length.
3. A disk of heavy leather the same diameter as the shaft, or a schedule 40 PVC cap must be taped securely over each end of the shaft.
4. The shaft must be entirely wrapped with fiber-reinforced tape, with a window cut in the tape to show the SCH-40 stamp.
5. The tip must meet the requirements of a one-handed thrusting tip, as outlined in the Middle Kingdom Marshal's Handbook.
6. Javelins must weigh between one and two pounds.
7. Javelins may be filled with crushed paper, carpet, leather, or any other non-rigid material. Water, lead shot, pennies, sand and similar materials are not-allowed.
8. The top 12 inches of the tip of the must be covered with red tape or cloth. The entire area need not be covered as long as there is sufficient red showing from all angles that the javelin may be held in. An `X' of red at the tip is not sufficient.
9. Javelins may have tail fins or trailers stability in flight.
10. Tail fins must be of a soft, flexible such as foam or duct tape, and rounded so as to not have sharp corners.
11. Trailers should be strips of cloth, or material, at least 1-1/2 inches wide and no more than 24 inches in length. Thin trailers, such as rope or cord, are not allowed.
12. No part of the javelin may be colored except for the top 12 inches of the tip.
13. An identifiable `makers mark' must be on the javelin.

Combat Arrows and Crossbow Bolts

1. Arrows or bolts should be examined for brittleness. Squeeze them in your hand. If they crack or break, fail them.
2. Arrows or bolts must have sufficient red on the point and on no other part of the arrow.
3. Check that the fins are not rigid or otherwise hazardous.
4. Tennis balls should be firmly attached by the reinforcing cords.
5. Arrows or bolts no meeting the written requirements must be approved by designated marshals.

Javelins

1. Be sure that the SCH-40 mark is showing on the shaft.
2. Check that the fins and trailers meet the specifications for size and flexibility.
3. Make sure there is sufficient red on the tip and on no other part of the javelin.
4. Flex the shaft moderately against the ground to check for brittleness.
5. Check that the thrusting tip meets the one-handed requirements for rattan weapons, no exceptions.
6. Check that the weight of the javelin is not excessively light or heavy. When in doubt, compare it against one of known weight.
7. Make sure that the back end of the javelin has the leather disk intact.

Other

1. At the present all other forms of combat archery must be specifically approved by a designated marshal each time it is used.

Javelins

1. Javelin throwers need only be fighters.
2. Javelin throwers must wear a full legal gauntlet on the throwing hand.
3. Archers may not throw javelins while holding a bow.
4. Fighters may not swing a rattan weapon while holding a javelin in their other hand.
5. Javelin throwers are responsible for where their javelins land.
6. Javelin throwers are responsible for condition of the javelins that they throw, including those that they glean off the field.
7. Scouts may not glean, carry, or throw javelins. Scouts may glean and carry all other missile weapons as long as they are gleaned and dropped out of sight immediately into a bag. They may NOT throw any weapons.

At Wars

1. It is suggested that combat archery not be used in all scenarios.

Other Times

1. Individuals may not shoot at each other out of armor.
2. Combat archery against opponents must be marshalled by the Earl Marshal's office.

Javelins

1. Javelins must hit point first to kill.
2. Javelins must hit with the force of a one-handed thrust to kill.
3. Javelins may glance without killing.
4. Javelins that glance may kill those standing behind.
5. All combatants are considered engaged by javelin fire once combat commences.
6. Legal targets with javelins are the same as rattan weapons.
7. Javelins may not be used as thrusting weapons.

Conduct of Archers and Fighters

Attacks Upon Archers by Fighters

1. Fighters may not grasp, strike, or swing at, a bow or arrow to disrupt an archer from shooting.
2. Fighters may strike any archer who has been properly engaged and has not yielded.
3. Range of engagement for a fighter to attack an archer is weapons range of the fighter.
4. An archer that is unwise enough to turn back on a fighter, once properly engaged, may be hit in the back.
5. Fighters may not demand that an archer yield or die. They may, however, offer the archer an opportunity to yield.
6. Fighters may not strike an archer that has given a cry of `YIELD'.
7. Fighters may not strike an archer that is holding a bow over their head.
8. Fighters may not purposely damage combat missiles to remove them from the field.

Archers Attacked While Holding a Bow and Arrows

1. An archer may not block a rattan weapon with a bow or arrow.
2. Bows that are struck by rattan weapons are considered broken and may not be used again until they are re-inspected for damage.
3. Archers may yield by giving a cry of `YIELD', and falling to the ground.
4. Archers may yield by holding their bows their heads and giving a cry of 'YIELD'
5. Archers that are approached by a fighter that has a clear and unimpeded path to them are strongly encouraged to `YIELD' instead of forcing the fighter to strike them.
6. Bows and arrows given to marshals or constables are considered removed from the field.
7. A quiver of arrows is not considered defense against rattan weapons.
8. Those using crossbows must ensure the safety of those around them by safely discarding the crossbow before drawing a rattan weapon. For the purposes of this rule, safely means placing the crossbow in an out-of-bounds area, handing it to a marshal, or otherwise seeing that the crossbow is removed from the fighting area. Placing the crossbow on the ground is not acceptable. Any archer using a crossbow who ignores this rule may lose his/her authorization. Crossbow users are encouraged to 'YIELD' when approached by an armored fighter.
9. Bows should be discarded safely.

Attacks Upon Fighters by Archers

1. Archers may shoot any fighter that is facing them.
2. Fighters that approach to within weapons range, engage an archer that has an arrow nocked, then flee, may be shot in the back as they flee.
3. Attacks upon archers by archers.

Attacks Upon Archers by Archers

1. Archers may fire arrows at any other archer that can be hit on a legal area of their body.
2. Archers that are aware of the present position of opposing archers are deemed directly engaged, at weapons range, with that archer.
3. If the opposing archer is aware of the presence of another archer, and turns their back to reload, or some such thing, they may be hit with arrows.
4. If an archer changes their firing location, they are considered not engaged at weapons range with an opposing archer until their new position is recognized or the opposing archer is facing them.

Attacks Upon Fighters Holding Javelins

1. Fighters may not strike, or swing at, javelins to disrupt the fighter from throwing.
2. Fighters holding just a javelin are considered armed.
3. Range of engagement for fighters javelins is weapons range of the attacking fighter.
4. Fighters may not purposely damage javelins to remove them from the field.
5. Fighters that approach to within weapons range, engage an archer that has a javelin prepared, then flee, may be shot in the back as they flee.

Fighters Attacked While Holding a Javelin

1. Javelin throwers may not block rattan weapons with a javelin.
2. Javelins that are struck by rattan weapons are considered broken and may not be used again until they are re-inspected for damage.
3. Javelins given to marshals or constables are considered removed from the field.

Attacks Upon Scouts by Archers and Javelin Throwers

1. Scouts may not be shot or thrown at with missile weapons. A scout is NOT dead if hit directly or at a glance, by accident or on purpose, by a combat arrow or other missile weapon.
2. Archers may NOT touch scouts with their bow or arrows.
3. Fighters may NOT touch scouts with javelins.
4. Archers kill scouts by coming within 10 feet and declaring each scout dead, (the same as any other armored fighter).
5. A scout may not be declared dead by an enemy if a friendly fighter or archer is between them and the enemy.
6. A scout MAY NOT hold or carry a bow or crossbow in a combat archery environment.

Blocking Javelins

1. Javelins are blocked shields, rattan weapons, javelins, bows and other arrows.
2. Archers may not intentionally block javelins with their bows. Repeated intentional blocks with the bow may result in the archer being removed from the field.
3. Bows that are accidentally struck by javelins may continue to be used undamaged.
4. Archers hit on the bow hand may continue shooting.
5. Archers hit on the string hand have lost the use of that hand.
6. If a fighter or archer is struck upon the hand while attempting to catch or block an arrow in flight, the hand is considered injured, and no longer usable.
7. Fighters and archers may not turn their back on an arrow in flight to negate the effect of the arrow.

Monitoring the Use of Javelins

1. Watch out for individuals throwing javelins without full gauntlets on, warn them and remove them from the field if they persist.
2. Watch out for javelins being used as rattan weapons, remove the individual if it looks intentional.
3. Remind individuals that are being hit that javelins are being thrown; be aware that a lot of javelins land so softly that they are only good as face thrusts.
4. Watch for fighters swinging rattan weapons and holding a javelin at the same time; order them to drop the javelin if they wish to use a rattan weapon.
5. Watch for, and remove, any javelin that has been damaged during a melee.

Monitoring the Use of Bows and Arrows

1. Remind individuals that are being hit that arrows are landing squarely on them and that they need not be hard to be good.
2. Watch for archers holding rattan weapons along with their bows; order them to drop one or the other. A crossbow user must comply with the rule for safely discarding a crossbow.
3. Marshals should remove any bow that looks as if it is about to be trampled by a melee of fighters; you may replace it in the spot later if it is feasible.
4. Watch for, and remove, any arrow that has been damaged during a melee.
5. If you notice that a bow or crossbow has been hit by a rattan weapon, confiscate that bow for the duration of the battle and make sure it is given to someone for inspection before it is returned to use.
6. If an archer repeatedly and intentionally blocks arrows or javelins with their bow or crossbow, warn them that this is not allowed. If they persist, remove them from the field.

Monitoring the Actions of Fighters Around Combat Archery

1. Fighters are not allowed to advance upon the archers' position with their backs turned to avoid being killed by arrows. First warn the fighter/s that they can not do this, then declare that they are engaged by arrow fire and marshal the combat archery as if they are legally engaged by the archers.
2. Fighters may not touch the bow or nocked arrow of an archer in an attempt to disrupt the archer from firing. Warn any fighters that do so, and remove them if they continue.
3. Archers and fighters that show a blatant disregard for the rules may, as always, be asked to leave the field.

Javelins are thrown much like a dart. Most of the grip and control comes from the first and second fingers. Let the weight rest on the pad of the thumb at, or close to, the balance point of the javelin. Put the first finger even with the thumb and touching the javelin with the bottom half of the pad. The second finger should grip with the side of the pad.

Control is achieved by flexing the digits up and down together to keep the javelin on an even keel. The path of the javelin in your hand needs to be as flat as possible to impart little or no spin to the javelin. As most of us are not strong enough to throw a flat javelin, make sure you allow for a little arc on the shot.

Javelins are best used by designated javelineers; folk who have the right grip and eye. But, as they can be just plain fun and relieve a lot of stress, anyone in the line should be familiar with their use.

SCOUTING - An Introduction

Scouts have been around since the very first Pennsic Wars. Scouting was considered an activity you could do when you couldn't do anything else. It was the only activity that you didn't have to be eighteen years old to do. The age then was fourteen years or older with parent consent. The cost to scout was very low, with only a scout helm being needed.

Scouts were first utilized for carrying messages, guiding troops, and finding the enemy banner during the woods battle. There were several very noteworthy occasions on which scouts really proved their worth. Still, the early scouts suffered from a certain lack of credibility--there were instances of inaccurate reports and garbled messages (caused by lack of training) which didn't establish confidence towards scouts--but they tried to make up for with energy and enthusiasm.

Middle Kingdom Marshals had very little to do with scouts. They had their own rules and requirements for helms, and were only active once a year at Pennsic. The Earl Marshal had a Deputy for Scouts that was responsible for watching over the Scout Program and reporting to the Earl Marshal. At Pennsic the scouts checked in with the Deputy Earl Marshal for Scouts, who insured that their helms passed inspection and that they had current scout cards.

Over the years the scouting program has grown, just as the Middle Kingdom and Pennsic has. The age for scouting has been raised to eighteen. The Scouts are no longer only used during the Woods Battle. Their role has expanded to being used in the Field Battle as Decoy Forces, and now they are normally in ALL the Battles. They relay messages from commanders to units, find people that are needed, and act as many sets of eyes. One year they were used as marker posts so that our advancing army would know how far to move forward. The Scouts' ability to be on the field during fighting and giving water to our fighters have earned them the name of Combat Water Bearers. (Note: They are not water bearers per se. Water bearers may not be on the field during fighting. Scouts can be on the field and just happen to be carrying water, as all good scouts are supposed to.) During a battle in which the scouts were watering our fighters, heat-related problems for the Middle was less than twenty five percent of the other side's.

The Scouts have gone from a "Pennsic-only" activity to a year-round one, encouraged by the Middle Kingdom Scout Guild, which is the only Scout guild in the known world. More and more scouts are turning up throughout the Kingdom at events and practices. They are even found in battles that have combat archery. There now exists the position of Kingdom Scout Champion as well as regalia for the position. As a Marshal you need to understand the program, the rules that guide it, and the different helm requirements. As a Marshal you need to know the basics.

1. Who May Authorize A Scout?
   Any warranted fighting (heavy) marshal who has received a Scout Authorization number. To receive a number, you must contact the Deputy Earl Marshal for Scouts to express your interest, have a current scout authorization card, and have received the current authorization form and other related paper work. Consider scouting like a weapons style. You can't authorize someone in a style that you don't have. The current Regional Scout Deputies listed in the Pale may also authorize a scout, as can some previous deputies. For a current copy of who may authorize scouts, send a S.A.S.E. to the Deputy Earl Marshal of Scouts who maintains the list.
2. How Do You Authorize A Scout?
   Just follow the requirements on the current Scout Authorization Form and fill in the blanks. Check off that the scout knows:
   • the limitations and safety concerns in an S.C.A. combat
   • environment
   • the current scout rules in theory and practice
   • how to die defensively
   Also check that the scout :
   • is eighteen years of age or older
   • has a current S.C.A. membership (any level).

The preferred authorization method involves hands-on training and observation coupled with familiarization with the necessary rules and procedures. How long does it take to authorize a scout? This depends on each person , their background and maturity. A person who has been a fighter may be much easier to authorize as a scout because they have been exposed to S.C.A fighting already. The primary thing that you are looking for is, does this person act SAFELY around melee fighting? Once the form is completed and signed, send this form to the Deputy Earl Marshal of scouting whose address is on the bottom of the form. A scout authorization card will be sent directly to the scout.

1. A Midrealm scout must be at least 18 years of age or older - no exceptions!!
2. A scout must belong to the SCA and have both a current blue membership card and a current scout authorization card. These cards must be presented during check-in before scouting. If a properly executed waiver is signed, this will be accepted as a temporary substitute until a blue membership card can be obtained.
3. A scout should have had some exposure to SCA fighting so that s/he has some familiarity with weapons, group movement, vision limitations of helms and the knowledge and experience that will enable them to move in a battle in a safe manner.
4. The ONLY WAY a scout can be declared dead is by an enemy getting within ten (10) feet and verbally declaring the scout dead. At no time is a scout to be killed by being touched either by a weapon or by the fighter's hand. Violation of this rule will result in the fighter in question being evicted from the battle.
   • A fighter can only declare one scout dead at a time.
   • A scout MAY NOT be declared dead if a friendly fighter or archer is between the scout and the enemy fighter.
   • A scout cannot be killed by a fighter who has their helm off, is partially unarmored, has no weapon in hand, or who doesn't have their Kingdom tape displayed on their helm.1
5. "Holds" apply to scouts. This includes scouts who are in a group the marshals put a hold on, ones who are approaching to report to a "hold" group, or ones who are just leaving the group. Scouts must wait until the hold is lifted and then proceed.
6. SCOUTS DO NOT, UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES, CARRY A WEAPON OR ANYTHING THAT MIGHT BE MISTAKEN AS A WEAPON!!! This includes daggers, staves, walking sticks, shields, etc. This restriction also extends to any form of live steel. If the scout is "dead" and is helping an injured or "dead" fighter, the scout should take his/her helm off and have the fighter take his/her helm off if it is safe to do so.
7. Scouts MUST wear a helm that has passed inspection by the Deputy Earl Marshal for Scouting, appointed deputies, or group marshals who are familiar with the rules. Said helm MUST be marked with at least three (3) solid white diamonds no less than two (2) inches by one and one half (1 1/2) inches, identifying the scout as a non-combatant from a distance of at least twenty feet. Said helm MUST be marked with the identification color/tape of the kingdom/side he is scouting for.
8. Scouts must have secure footwear on and clothing that covers their legs and torso.
9. Scouts must behave in a safe manner at all times.
10. Scouts must know how to die defensively if hit by mistake.
11. A separate authorization and endorsement on the scout authorization card are necessary before a scout may be in a combat archery environment. The current level 2 protection will be required, which is different than level 1 used for normal scouting activities.
12. Scouts do not need a special authorization to be in a battle where thrown weapons are used; but they need the current level 2 protection. If combat archery is being used in a battle, the special combat archery environment authorization will be necessary for the scout along with the level 2 protection.

There is a lot of confusion on what a scout helm should be. Marshals need to be familiar with the scout helm requirements to be able to check them better. If you are unsure of the standards, consult a Regional Scout Deputy or another Marshal who authorizes scouts to check helms. (They are just more familiar with the standards.)

The minimum will be a sole-leather skullcap reinforced with metal, or a metal skullcap of at least 22 gauge. This helm is to be padded to protect the head of the scout. In addition this helm must have a flap or flaps extending down over the back and sides of the neck, or a camail made of stiffened and padded leather or its equivalent. A chin strap must be used.

Face protection is to consist of no less than three (3) metal bars of at least one quarter (1/4) inch diameter. One of the three bars must be set at right angles to the other two. Freon tank helms are allowed for scouts as long as they are cut or shaped in such a manner as to provide adequate protection as stated above. (See diagrams below for examples.)

There will be no sharp or projecting edges or ends that might do damage. Homemade camouflage painting is allowed as long as the white diamonds remain clearly visible.

In case of a disagreement over a helm, the decision of the inspecting marshal may be reviewed by either the Earl Marshal or the Deputy Earl Marshal for Scouts. Their decision will be final.

Any non-standard helm may be passed only by the Earl Marshal or Deputy Earl Marshal of Scouts. Examples of these helms are modified hockey helms, baseball helms, riot helms etc. It is strongly suggested that one avoid these helms and try to use a more standard design. A fighting helm may be used to scout in BUT its use is discouraged. Wearing a fighting helm only increases the chance of a scout being mistaken for a fighter and hit.

The big thing to remember is that a scout helm is not meant to or built to be hit repeatedly. It is to take a chance, one shot blow.

Yes, scouts may be in a combat archery environment. Their duties will include, but not be limited to, gleaning and carry arrows, running messages and acting as spotters. It is very important for the scout who is authorized to be in a combat archery environment to be very familiar with the rules involving scouts and combat archery. Many fighters and marshals don't know the rules and the scout might have to help be a friendly reminder as to what the rules are. The scout should also have read ALL the rules for Combat Archery to have a better understanding as to what is going on and why.

Authorization Procedure for Scouting in a Combat Archery Environment

A separate authorization and endorsement on the scout authorization card are necessary before any scout may be in a combat archery environment.

1. Who may authorize a scout?
   The same person who can authorize a scout can authorize a scout for a combat archery environment. The same scout authorization number is used for both. You must contact the Deputy Earl Marshal of Scouts to express your desire to be able to authorize scouts for a combat archery environment. You MUST have a current copy of the section involving combat archery from the current Middle Kingdom Marshal's handbook.
2. How do you authorize a scout for a combat archery environment?
   First, go over the rules for scouts in a combat archery environment and ensure that they know them. Also check that they have read all the combat archery rules at least once and answer any questions they may have.

   Next, the scout MUST be observed by the person authorizing in a melee situation in which there is combat archery. They may be beside the scout, close by, or off the field but in a position to observe unobstructed. The major thing to look for is whether the person acts and behaves in a safe manner.

   Watch them gleam arrows, note how aware they are of their surroundings and see whether they pay attention to the fighters and the battle. Check off the block marked combat archery environment on the current Middle Kingdom Scout Authorization form. Fill out the rest of the form where applicable, and send the signed form to the Deputy Earl Marshal for Scouting for his records.

Level 2 protection for scouts in a combat archery environment:
(The following guidelines apply only if golf tube arrows are used.)

To be in a combat archery environment the following are mandatory:

1. Upgraded scout helm
2. Kidney protection
3. Groin protection
4. Gorget/Neck protection

1. The normal requirements for a scout helm are in effect plus the following. The grill must have no opening wide enough to pass a one and a half (1 1/2) inch dowel through. This may be accomplished by utilizing a bar system by itself or a bar system in conjunction with a heavy mesh wire secured to the outside of the bars. The test will be to see if the screen holds true and doesn't collapse into the inside of the grill. One example of screen would be 1" by 1/2" rabbit cage wire.

The minimum bar diameter for a scout helm to be used in a combat archery environment is 3/16 of an inch. If a helm is only to be used in normal scouting the minimum bar diameter will remain one quarter (1/4) inch being only three bars are required.

2. The kidney area must be protected using the "hard-over-soft" standard. Mandatory protection is not required for the short ribs and lower spine.

3. Groin protection must be used. For males, the standard athletic protective cup is recommended and is to be worn as designed. For females, some equivalent kind of "hard-over-soft" protection is required.

4. Gorgets must be constructed so as to distribute the force of a blow to the neck area in such a way that damage to the neck is prevented. The same standards for a gorget worn by a fighter apply to a scout. The gorget worn with the scout helm must provide the necessary protection to the neck.

Suggested but not required:

• Soft elbow and knee pads.
• Safety glasses.
• An Olive Drab Tabard with a eight (8) inch white diamond on the front and back centered between the belt line and neck. This enables a scout to be seen as a scout more easily.

Rules for Scouting in Combat Archery

Rules for Scouting in Combat Archery (read the current rules that involve scouts in the current Middle Kingdom Knight Marshal's Handbook)

PART II -- FENCING

B. Warranted Marshals of Fence must fulfill all of the above qualifications, plus:

1. have successfully completed a training program of no less than six months that includes at least:

   a) four supervised sessions marshaling at events (a MOF training session may substitute for two of these sessions)

   b) pass a written qualification test.

2. the candidate must be acceptable to the regional/principality marshal, to the Kingdom Marshal of Fence (MOF candidates in principalities see PRMOF section I D above) and the Crown As a good guideline, it may take about one year to become a warranted Marshal of Fence. Take enough time to thoroughly familiarize yourself with the system, until you can point out to the Earl Marshal or the Kingdom Marshal of Fence equipment or weapons that don't pass, and explain why they fail.

Non-rigid Parry:

1. Candidate knows rules about when can/cannot release cloak.
2. Candidate demonstrates proper release of cloak, (if on surface where cloak cannot be released, demonstrate in static form).
3. Candidate does not whip or flail opponent.

Dagger:

1. Candidate uses dagger for offense and defense.
2. Candidate uses dagger off-hand against both opponent's weapons.
3. Both fencers use dagger off-hand.

Case:

1. Candidate uses rapier off-hand against both opponent's weapons.
2. Candidate uses full case against opponent on the ground.
3. Both fencers use full case while both are on ground for short time.

Schlager:

The format of the schlager authorization shall be the same as for the single rapier authorization. Specific emphasis will be on the ability of the candidate to control their thrusts and draw cuts.

Case of Schlager:

The format for the case of schlager authorization will be the same as for case of rapier. As the most advanced authorization possible to a Middle Kingdom fencer the candidate must demonstrate control with both weapons at all times during the authorization.

Advanced Questions:

Rigid Parry

1. What is the maximum size of a buckler?
2. Can you use a standard offensive weapon for parrying only?
3. What must you never do with any rigid parry device?

Non-rigid Parry

1. What can be used to weight a cloak?
2. What can not be used to weight a cloak?
3. Can a cloak be released from the hand under Middle Kingdom rules?
4. What are the rules for releasing a cloak?

Dagger

1. What is the only acceptable dagger blade?
2. What is the maximum length for a dagger?
3. Can you draw cut with a dagger?
4. Can a cut down blade be used as a dagger?

PART III -- EQUESTRIAN

• Equestrian Introduction
  • Articles of Origination of the MKEC
• Reporting Dates
• Officer Addresses
• Regulations for Conduct and Tournament Procedures
• Safety and Riding Etiquette
• Rider Authorization Criteria
• Rules for the Hastiludes
• Gymkhana Activities
• Dressage, Flat-work, Side-saddle
• Inter-Kingdom Equestrian Competition
• Becoming an Equestrian Marshal
• Duties of Marshals
• Marshal Forms and Reports
  • Society Equestrian Insurance Request Form
  • Equestrian Waiver
  • MK Equestrian Authorization Form
  • Request for Equestrian Authorization Card Form
  • Hippatrian Liaison Report Form
  • Equestrian Incident Report Form
• Equestrian Marshal Guidelines
• Weapons and Equipment
• Requirements for Hosting an Equestrian Event
• Articles and Treatises
  • Article: Why Middle Kingdom Equestrian Rules Require that Wooden Spear Shafts be Wrapped in Fiber Tape
  • A Treatise on Basic Horse Handling
• Equestrian Event Etiquette for Non-Equestrians
• Bibliographies
  • Bibliography of 20th Century Information on Horse Health, Illness, and Lameness
  • Bibliography of Period Equestrian References
• Proposed Arts and Sciences Criteria
  • Animal husbandry
  • Riding (performance art)
• Equestrian Terms of the World
• The History and Development of Medieval Horse Breeds
• Costume of the Military Horse
• Pattern for Trapper
  • Instructions
  • Pattern pieces